--- title: "Index of vignette topics" author: "emmeans package, Version `r packageVersion('emmeans')`" output: emmeans::.emm_vignette vignette: > %\VignetteIndexEntry{Index of vignette topics} %\VignetteEngine{knitr::rmarkdown} %\VignetteEncoding{UTF-8} ---
### Jump to: [A](#a) [B](#b) [C](#c) [D](#d) [E](#e) [F](#f) [G](#g) [H](#h) [I](#i) [J](#j) [K](#k) [L](#l) [M](#m) [N](#n) [O](#o) [P](#p) [Q](#q) [R](#r) [S](#s) [T](#t) [U](#u) [V](#v) [W](#w) [X](#x) [Z](#z) {#topnav} ### A {#a} * [`add_grouping()`](utilities.html#groups) * [`addl.vars`](sophisticated.html#random-slopes) * `adjust` * [in *comparisons: pairwise*](comparisons.html#pairwise) * [in *confidence-intervals: adjust*](confidence-intervals.html#adjust) * [vs. `cross.adjust`](confidence-intervals.html#cross-adjust) * [Adjusted means](basics.html#RG) * [Adjusted R-squared](basics.html#pigs) * [`afex_aov` objects](models.html#V) * [Alias matrix](xplanations.html#submodels) * [Analysis of subsets of data](FAQs.html#model) * Analysis of variance * [versus *post hoc* comparisons](FAQs.html#anova) * [Type III](confidence-intervals.html#joint_tests) * [`aovList` objects](models.html#V) * [`appx-satterthwaite` method](models.html#K) * Arguments * [`...`](basics.html#arguments) * [Passed to `ref_grid()`](basics.html#arguments) * `as.mcmc()` * [in *models: S*](models.html#S) * [in *sophisticated: bayesxtra*](sophisticated.html#bayesxtra) * [ASA Statement on *P* values](basics.html#pvalues) * [Asymptotic tests](sophisticated.html#dfoptions) * [ATOM](basics.html#pvalues) * [`averaging` models](models.html#I) [Back to top](#topnav) ### B {#b} * [Back-transforming](basics.html#transf) * [Balanced allocation](basics.html#exper) * [Bayes factor](sophisticated.html#bayesxtra) * Bayesian models * [in *models: S*](models.html#S) * [in *sophisticated: mcmc*](sophisticated.html#mcmc) * [**bayesplot** package](sophisticated.html#bayesxtra) * [**bayestestR** package](sophisticated.html#bayesxtra) * [Beta regression](models.html#B) * [`betareg` models](models.html#B) * Bias adjustment * [For link functions vs. response transformations](transformations.html#link-bias) * [in Bayesian models](sophisticated.html#bias-adj-mcmc) * [In GLMMs and GEE models](transformations.html#cbpp) * [When back-transforming](transformations.html#bias-adj) * [When *not* to use](transformations.html#insects) * [with random slopes](sophisticated.html#random-slopes) * [Bonferroni adjustment](confidence-intervals.html#adjmore) * [`boot-satterthwaite` method](models.html#K) * [Brackets (`[ ]` and `[[ ]]` operators)](utilities.html#brackets) * [`brmsfit` objects](models.html#S) * [`by` groups](confidence-intervals.html#byvars) * [Adjusting across groups](confidence-intervals.html#cross-adjust) * [Identical comparisons](FAQs.html#additive) [Back to top](#topnav) ### C {#c} * [Causal inference](messy-data.html#counterfact) * [`cld()`](comparisons.html#CLD) * [`clm` models](models.html#O) * [**coda** package](sophisticated.html#bayesxtra) * [`coef()`](comparisons.html#contrasts) * [Cohen's *d*](comparisons.html#pwpm) * [Compact letter displays](comparisons.html#CLD) * Comparison arrows * [Derivation](xplanations.html#arrows) * Comparisons * [Back-transforming](comparisons.html#logs) * [Displaying as groups](comparisons.html#CLD) * [Displaying *P* values](comparisons.html#pwpp) * [Graphical](comparisons.html#graphical) * [How arrows are determined](xplanations.html#arrows) * [with logs](comparisons.html#logs) * [Obtaining differences rather than ratios](FAQs.html#ratios) * [with overlapping CIs](FAQs.html#CIerror) * [Comparisons result in `(nothing)`](FAQs.html#nopairs) * [Confidence intervals](confidence-intervals.html#summary) * [Overlapping](FAQs.html#CIerror) * [`confint()`](confidence-intervals.html#summary) * [Confounded effects](xplanations.html#joint_tests) * [Confounding](basics.html#emms) * [`consec` contrasts](comparisons.html#contrasts) * [Constrained marginal means](xplanations.html#submodels) * [Consultants](basics.html#recs3) * [Containment d.f.](models.html#K) * [`contrast()`](comparisons.html#contrasts) * [`adjust`](comparisons.html#linfcns) * [Changing defaults](utilities.html#defaults) * [`combine`](interactions.html#simple) * [`interaction`](interactions.html#contrasts) * [Linear functions](comparisons.html#linfct) * `simple` * [in *confidence-intervals: simple*](confidence-intervals.html#simple) * [in *interactions: simple*](interactions.html#simple) * Contrasts * [of other contrasts](interactions.html#contrasts) * [Custom](comparisons.html#linfcns) * [Formula](comparisons.html#formulas) * [Multivariate](interactions.html#multiv) * [Pairwise](comparisons.html#pairwise) * [Polynomial](comparisons.html#contrasts) * Tests of * [with transformations](comparisons.html#logs) * [Controlled experiments](basics.html#exper) * [Count regression](models.html#C) * [Counterfactuals](messy-data.html#counterfact) * [`cov.reduce`](messy-data.html#med.covred) * Covariates * [Adjusted](messy-data.html#adjcov) * [`cov.keep`](FAQs.html#numeric) * [`cov.reduce`](FAQs.html#numeric) * [Derived](basics.html#depcovs) * [`emmeans()` doesn't work](FAQs.html#numeric) * [Interacting with factors](FAQs.html#trends) * [Mediating](messy-data.html#mediators) * [cross-group comparisons](confidence-intervals.html#cross-adjust) * [`cross.adjust`](confidence-intervals.html#cross-adjust) [Back to top](#topnav) ### D {#d} * [Degrees of freedom](sophisticated.html#dfoptions) * [Infinite](FAQs.html#asymp) * Digits * [Displaying more digits](utilities.html#data) * [Digits, optimizing](utilities.html#digits) * [Dunnett method](comparisons.html#contrasts) [Back to top](#topnav) ### E {#e} * [`eff` contrasts](comparisons.html#contrasts) * [`eff_size()`](comparisons.html#pwpm) * [Effect size](comparisons.html#pwpm) * [`emm_basis()`](xtending.html#intro) * [Arguments and returned value](xtending.html#ebreqs) * [Communicating with `recover_data()`](xtending.html#communic) * [Dispatching](xtending.html#dispatch) * [Hook functions](xtending.html#hooks) * [for `lqs` objects](xtending.html#eblqs) * [Re-gridded](xtending.html#regridded) * [for `rsm` objects](xtending.html#ebrsm) * [`emm_list` object](comparisons.html#formulas) * [`emm_options()`](utilities.html#defaults) * [`.emmc` functions](comparisons.html#linfcns) * **emmeans** package * [Exporting extensions to](xtending.html#exporting) * [Quick-start guide](AQuickStart.html) * [`emmeans()`](basics.html#emms) * [And the underlying model](FAQs.html#nowelch) * [Arguments passed to `ref_grid()`](basics.html#arguments) * [Changing defaults](utilities.html#defaults) * [Fastest way to get wrong answers](FAQs.html#fastest) * [Surprising results from](FAQs.html#transformations) * `weights` * [in *basics: weights*](basics.html#weights) * [in *messy-data: weights*](messy-data.html#weights) * [With transformations](transformations.html#regrid) * [`emmGrid` objects](basics.html#emmobj) * [Accessing data](utilities.html#data) * [Combining and subsetting](utilities.html#rbind) * [Modifying](utilities.html#update) * [Setting defaults for](utilities.html#defaults) * `emmip()` * [in *basics: emmip*](basics.html#emmip) * [in *basics: plots*](basics.html#plots) * [in *interactions: factors*](interactions.html#factors) * [nested factors](messy-data.html#cows) * EMMs * [Projecting to a submodel](xplanations.html#submodels) * [What are they?](FAQs.html#what) * `emtrends()` * [in *interactions: covariates*](interactions.html#covariates) * [in *interactions: oranges*](interactions.html#oranges) * [`estHook`](xtending.html#hooks) * [Estimability](messy-data.html#nonestex) * [Estimability issues](FAQs.html#NAs) * [Estimable functions](xplanations.html#joint_tests) * Estimated marginal means * [Definition of](basics.html#refgrid) * [Demonstrated](basics.html#emms) * [Manually computed](basics.html#refgrid) * [Reference grid](basics.html#emms) * [vs. ordinary marginal means](basics.html#emms) * Examples * [`auto.noise`](interactions.html#factors) * [Bayesian model](sophisticated.html#mcmc) * `cbpp` * [in *sophisticated: mcmc*](sophisticated.html#mcmc) * [in *transformations: cbpp*](transformations.html#cbpp) * [`ChickWeight`](sophisticated.html#random-slopes) * [`cows`](messy-data.html#cows) * [`feedlot`](predictions.html#feedlot) * `fiber` * [in *interactions: covariates*](interactions.html#covariates) * [in *transformations: stdize*](transformations.html#stdize) * [`framing`](messy-data.html#mediators) * [Gamma regression](transformations.html#tranlink) * [`InsectSprays`](transformations.html#insects) * [`Insurance`](xplanations.html#offsets) * [Insurance claims (SAS)](sophisticated.html#offsets) * [Logistic regression](transformations.html#links) * [`lqs` objects](xtending.html#lqs) * [`MOats`](basics.html#multiv) * `mtcars` * [in *basics: depcovs*](basics.html#depcovs) * [in *messy-data: nuis.example*](messy-data.html#nuis.example) * [Multivariate](basics.html#multiv) * [Nested fixed effects](messy-data.html#cows) * `neuralgia` * [`counterfactuals`](messy-data.html#neuralgia) * [in *transformations: links*](transformations.html#links) * [in *transformations: trangraph*](transformations.html#trangraph) * [`nutrition`](messy-data.html#nutrex) * [`submodel`](messy-data.html#submodels) * [`weights`](messy-data.html#weights) * [`Oats`](sophisticated.html#lmer) * `oranges` * [in *comparisons: formulas*](comparisons.html#formulas) * [in *interactions: oranges*](interactions.html#oranges) * [Ordinal model](sophisticated.html#ordinal) * `pigs` * [in *basics: pigs*](basics.html#pigs) * [in *confidence-intervals: summary*](confidence-intervals.html#summary) * [in *transformations: altscale*](transformations.html#altscale) * [in *transformations: overview*](transformations.html#overview) * [in *transformations: pigs-biasadj*](transformations.html#pigs-biasadj) * [`rlm` objects](xtending.html#rlm) * [Robust regression](xtending.html#rlm) * [Split-plot experiment](sophisticated.html#lmer) * [Unbalanced data](basics.html#pigs) * `warpbreaks` * [in *confidence-intervals: cross-adjust*](confidence-intervals.html#cross-adjust) * [in *transformations: tranlink*](transformations.html#tranlink) * [in *utilities: relevel*](utilities.html#relevel) * [Welch's *t* comparisons](utilities.html#relevel) * [`wine`](sophisticated.html#ordinal) * Expected marginal means * [Foundations of](basics.html#found) * [Reliance on a model](basics.html#models) * [Experimental versus observational data](basics.html#exper) * [Exporting output](basics.html#formatting) * Extending **emmeans** * [Exports useful to developers](xtending.html#exported) * [Restrictions](xtending.html#dispatch) [Back to top](#topnav) ### F {#f} * *F* test * [vs. pairwise comparisons](FAQs.html#anova) * [Role in *post hoc* tests](basics.html#recs1) * Factors * [Mediating](messy-data.html#weights) * [Formatting results](basics.html#formatting) * [Foundations of EMMs](basics.html#found) * [Frequently asked questions](FAQs.html) [Back to top](#topnav) ### G {#g} * [G-Computation](messy-data.html#counterfact) * [`gam` models](models.html#G) * [`gamlss` models](models.html#H) * [GEE models](models.html#E) * [Generalized additive models](models.html#G) * [Generalized linear models](models.html#G) * [Geometric means](transformations.html#bias-adj) * [Get the model right first](FAQs.html#nowelch) * [`get_emm_option()`](utilities.html#options) * **ggplot2** package * [in *basics: ggplot*](basics.html#ggplot) * [in *messy-data: cows*](messy-data.html#cows) * [GIGO (garbage in, garbage out)](basics.html#models) * [`glm`*xxx* models](models.html#G) * [`gls` models](models.html#K) * [Graphical displays](basics.html#plots) * [Grouping factors](utilities.html#groups) * [Grouping into separate sets](confidence-intervals.html#byvars) [Back to top](#topnav) ### H {#h} * [Hook functions](xtending.html#hooks) * [Hotelling's $T^2$](interactions.html#multiv) * [`hpd.summary()`](sophisticated.html#mcmc) * [`hurdle` models](models.html#C) [Back to top](#topnav) ### I {#i} * [Indicator variables](basics.html#RG) * [Infinite degrees of freedom](FAQs.html#asymp) * [Interaction-style plots](basics.html#emmip) * Interactions * [Analysis](interactions.html) * [Contrasts](interactions.html#contrasts) * [Covariate with factors](interactions.html#covariates) * [Implied](interactions.html#oranges) * [Plotting](interactions.html#factors) * [Possible inappropriateness of marginal means](interactions.html#factors) * [`inverse()`](basics.html#pigs) [Back to top](#topnav) ### J {#j} * [`joint`](confidence-intervals.html#joint) * `joint_tests()` * [in *confidence-intervals: joint_tests*](confidence-intervals.html#joint_tests) * [Confounded effects](xplanations.html#joint_tests) * [in *interactions: contrasts*](interactions.html#contrasts) * [with `submodel = "type2"`](messy-data.html#type2submodel) [Back to top](#topnav) ### K {#k} * [`kable`](basics.html#formatting) * [Kenward-Roger d.f.](models.html#L) [Back to top](#topnav) ### L {#l} * Labels * [Changing](utilities.html#relevel) * [Large models](messy-data.html#nuisance) * [Latin squares](basics.html#exper) * [Least-squares means](FAQs.html#what) * Levels * [Changing](utilities.html#relevel) * [Linear functions](comparisons.html#linfct) * [Link functions](transformations.html#links) * [`lme` models](models.html#K) * `lmerMod` models * [in *models: L*](models.html#L) * [in *sophisticated: lmer*](sophisticated.html#lmer) * [System options for](sophisticated.html#lmerOpts) * Logistic-like regression * [Non-logit links](transformations.html#not-logit) * Logistic regression * [Odds ratios](transformations.html#oddsrats) * [Risk ratios](transformations.html#riskrats) * [Surprising results](FAQs.html#transformations) * LSD * [protected](basics.html#recs2) [Back to top](#topnav) ### M {#m} * [`make.tran()`](transformations.html#special) * [`mcmc` objects](models.html#S) * Means * [Generalized](transformations.html#bias-adj) * [Weighted](basics.html#weights) * [Mediating covariates](messy-data.html#mediators) * [Memory usage](messy-data.html#nuisance) * [Limiting](messy-data.html#rg.limit) * [`mira` models](models.html#I) * [`misc` attribute and argument](xtending.html#communic) * [`misc$regrid.flag`](xtending.html#regridded) * [Missing cells](xplanations.html#joint_tests) * [`mlm` models](models.html#N) * [`mmer` models](models.html#G) * `mode` argument * [implied re-gridding](transformations.html#regrid3) * Model * [Get it right first](basics.html#recs2) * Importance of * [in *basics: models*](basics.html#models) * [in *FAQs: fastest*](FAQs.html#fastest) * [Importance of getting it right](FAQs.html#nowelch) * [Model averaging](models.html#I) * Modeling * [`pigs` example](basics.html#pigs) * [Response transformation](basics.html#pigs) * [Modelling](basics.html#models) * Models * [Constrained](messy-data.html#submodels) * [Large](messy-data.html#nuisance) * [Quick reference](models.html#quickref) * [Unsupported](FAQs.html#qdrg) * [Multi-factor studies](FAQs.html#interactions) * [Multinomial models](models.html#N) * [Multiple imputation](models.html#I) * [Multiplicity adjustments](confidence-intervals.html#adjust) * [Multivariate contrasts](interactions.html#multiv) * Multivariate models * [in *basics: multiv*](basics.html#multiv) * [in *interactions: oranges*](interactions.html#oranges) * [in *models: M*](models.html#M) * [with `submodel`](xplanations.html#mult.submodel) * [Multivariate *t* (`"mvt"`) adjustment](confidence-intervals.html#adjmore) * [`mvcontrast()`](interactions.html#multiv) * [**mvtnorm** package](confidence-intervals.html#adjmore) [Back to top](#topnav) ### N {#n} * [`NA`s in the output](FAQs.html#NAs) * [Nesting](messy-data.html#nesting) * [Auto-detection](messy-data.html#nest-trap) * Nesting factors * [Creating](utilities.html#groups) * [Non-estimability](messy-data.html#nonestex) * [`non.nuisance`](messy-data.html#nuisance) * [`NonEst` values](FAQs.html#NAs) * [`(nothing)` in output](FAQs.html#nopairs) * [`nuisance`](messy-data.html#nuisance) * [Nuisance factors](messy-data.html#nuisance) [Back to top](#topnav) ### O {#o} * Observational data * [in *basics: weights*](basics.html#weights) * [in *messy-data: issues*](messy-data.html#issues) * [Observational versus experimental data](basics.html#exper) * [Odds ratios](transformations.html#oddsrats) * [but I wanted differences](FAQs.html#ratios) * Offsets * [Models with offsets](sophisticated.html#offsets) * [`offset()` term vs. `offset` argument in model](xplanations.html#offsets) * [Only one mean](AQuickStart.html#covar) * [`opt.digits` option](utilities.html#digits) * [Options](utilities.html#options) * [Startup](utilities.html#startup) * Ordinal models * [Latent scale](sophisticated.html#ordinal) * [Linear-predictor scale](sophisticated.html#ordlp) * [in *models: O*](models.html#O) * [`prob` and `mean.class`](sophisticated.html#ordprob) * [in *sophisticated: ordinal*](sophisticated.html#ordinal) [Back to top](#topnav) ### P {#p} * *P* values * [Adjusted](basics.html#recs1) * [Adjustment is ignored](FAQs.html#noadjust) * [Interpreting](basics.html#pvalues) * [`pairs()`](comparisons.html#pairwise) * `pairwise ~ factors` * [Why you should avoid this](AQuickStart.html#pairwise) * [Pairwise comparisons](comparisons.html#pairwise) * [Matrix displays](comparisons.html#pwpm) * [`pairwise` contrasts](comparisons.html#contrasts) * [Pairwise *P*-value plots](comparisons.html#pwpp) * [`params`](basics.html#params) * [Percentage differences](transformations.html#altscale) * [`plot()`](basics.html#plots) * [nested factors](messy-data.html#cows) * [`plot.emmGrid()`](basics.html#plot.emmGrid) * Plots * [of confidence intervals](basics.html#plot.emmGrid) * [of EMMs](basics.html#plots) * [Enhancing with **ggplot2** functions](basics.html#ggplot) * [Interaction-style](basics.html#plots) * [`+` operator](utilities.html#rbind) * Poisson regression * [Surprising results](FAQs.html#transformations) * [`polreg` models](models.html#O) * [Polynomial regression](basics.html#depcovs) * Pooled *t* * [Instead of Welch's *t*](FAQs.html#nowelch) * [`postGridHook`](xtending.html#hooks) * [Practices, recommended](basics.html#recs1) * Precision * [Displaying results with more digits](utilities.html#data) * Predictions * Bayesian models * [in *predictions: bayes*](predictions.html#bayes) * [in *sophisticated: predict-mcmc*](sophisticated.html#predict-mcmc) * [Error SD](predictions.html#sd-estimate) * [graphics](predictions.html#feedlot) * [on Particular strata](predictions.html#strata) * [Posterior predictive distribution](sophisticated.html#predict-mcmc) * [Reference grid](predictions.html#ref-grid) * [Total SD](predictions.html#feedlot) * [`print.summary_emm()`](basics.html#emmobj) * Probit regression * [Odds or risk ratios](transformations.html#not-logit) * [`pwpm()`](comparisons.html#pwpm) * [`pwpp()`](comparisons.html#pwpp) [Back to top](#topnav) ### Q {#q} * [`qdrg()`](FAQs.html#qdrg) * [Quadratic terms](basics.html#depcovs) * [Quick-start guide](AQuickStart.html) [Back to top](#topnav) ### R {#r} * [R-squared](basics.html#pigs) * Random predictors * [Accessing levels](sophisticated.html#random-slopes) * Random slopes * [Bias adjustment](sophisticated.html#random-slopes) * [Rank deficiency](xplanations.html#joint_tests) * Ratios * [but I wanted differences](FAQs.html#ratios) * [`rbind()`](utilities.html#rbind) * Re-gridding * [Implied](transformations.html#regrid3) * [Re-labeling](utilities.html#relevel) * [Recommended practices](basics.html#recs1) * [`recover_data()`](xtending.html#intro) * [Communicating with `emm_basis()`](xtending.html#communic) * [`data` and `params` arguments](xtending.html#rdargs) * [Dispatching](xtending.html#dispatch) * [Error handling](xtending.html#rderrs) * [for `lqs` objects](xtending.html#rd.lqs) * [for `rsm` objects](xtending.html#rdrsm) * `recover_data.call()` * [`frame` argument](xtending.html#rdargs) * [`ref_grid()`](basics.html#RG) * [`at`](basics.html#RG) * `cov.reduce` * [in *basics: plot.emmGrid*](basics.html#plot.emmGrid) * [in *basics: RG*](basics.html#RG) * [`mult.name`](basics.html#multiv) * [`nesting`](messy-data.html#nest-trap) * [`offset`](sophisticated.html#offsets) * [`regrid` argument](transformations.html#regrid2) * [Reference grid](basics.html#emms) * [Covariates](basics.html#RG) * [Defined](basics.html#RG) * [Indicator variables](basics.html#RG) * [Predictions on](basics.html#refgrid) * Reference grids * [Prediction on](predictions.html#ref-grid) * [Region of practical equivalence](sophisticated.html#bayesxtra) * [Registering `recover_data` and `emm_basis` methods](xtending.html#exporting) * [`regrid` argument](transformations.html#stdize) * [`regrid()`](transformations.html#regrid) * [probit or other lon-logit models](transformations.html#not-logit) * [`regrid` vs. `type`](transformations.html#regrid2) * [to obtain risk ratios](transformations.html#riskrats) * [`transform = "log"`](transformations.html#logs) * [`regrid.flag`](xtending.html#regridded) * [Residual plots](basics.html#pigs) * [Response scale](confidence-intervals.html#tran) * [Response transformations](basics.html#transf) * [`revpairwise` contrasts](comparisons.html#contrasts) * [`rg.limit` option](messy-data.html#rg.limit) * [Risk ratios](transformations.html#riskrats) * [RMarkdown](basics.html#formatting) * [ROPE](sophisticated.html#bayesxtra) * [**rsm** package](xtending.html#rsm) * [`rstanarm`](sophisticated.html#mcmc) [Back to top](#topnav) ### S {#s} * [Sample size, displaying](confidence-intervals.html#summary) * [Sandwich estimators](messy-data.html#neuralgia) * Satterthwaite d.f. * [in *models: K*](models.html#K) * [in *models: L*](models.html#L) * [`"scale"` type](transformations.html#trangraph) * [`scale()`](transformations.html#stdize) * [Selecting results](utilities.html#brackets) * [Sidak adjustment](confidence-intervals.html#adjust) * Significance * [Assessing](basics.html#pvalues) * [`simple = "each"`](confidence-intervals.html#simple) * Simple comparisons * [in *confidence-intervals: simple*](confidence-intervals.html#simple) * [in *FAQs: interactions*](FAQs.html#interactions) * [in *interactions: simple*](interactions.html#simple) * [Simpson's paradox](basics.html#emms) * `specs` * [Formula](comparisons.html#formulas) * [Standardized response](transformations.html#stdize) * [`stanreg` objects](models.html#S) * [* gazing (star gazing)](interactions.html#factors) * [Startup options](utilities.html#startup) * [Statistical consultants](basics.html#recs3) * [Statistics is hard](basics.html#recs3) * [`str()`](basics.html#emmobj) * `submodel` * [`"minimal"` and `"type2"`](messy-data.html#type2submodel) * [in a multivariate model](xplanations.html#mult.submodel) * [in *messy-data: submodels*](messy-data.html#submodels) * [in *xplanations: submodels*](xplanations.html#submodels) * [Subsets of data](FAQs.html#model) * `summary()` * [`adjust`](comparisons.html#pairwise) * [in *basics: emmobj*](basics.html#emmobj) * Bayesian models * [in *confidence-intervals: summary*](confidence-intervals.html#summary) * [in *models: S*](models.html#S) * [Calculated columns](confidence-intervals.html#summary) * [in *confidence-intervals: summary*](confidence-intervals.html#summary) * [HPD intervals](sophisticated.html#mcmc) * [`hpd.summary()`](confidence-intervals.html#summary) * `infer` * [in *comparisons: pairwise*](comparisons.html#pairwise) * [in *confidence-intervals: summary*](confidence-intervals.html#summary) * [Show sample size](confidence-intervals.html#summary) * [`type = "unlink"`](transformations.html#tranlink) * [`summary_emm` object](basics.html#emmobj) * [As a data frame](utilities.html#data) [Back to top](#topnav) ### T {#t} * [*t* tests vs. *z* tests](FAQs.html#asymp) * [`test()`](confidence-intervals.html#summary) * [`delta`](confidence-intervals.html#equiv) * [`joint = TRUE`](confidence-intervals.html#joint) * Tests * [Equivalence](confidence-intervals.html#equiv) * [Noninferiority](confidence-intervals.html#equiv) * [Nonzero null](confidence-intervals.html#summary) * [One- and two-sided](confidence-intervals.html#summary) * [Too few means](AQuickStart.html#covar) * [Transformations](basics.html#transf) * [Adding after the fact](transformations.html#after) * [Auto-detected](transformations.html#auto) * [Back-transforming](confidence-intervals.html#tran) * [Bias adjustment](transformations.html#bias-adj) * [Custom](transformations.html#special) * [faking](transformations.html#faking) * [Faking a log transformation](transformations.html#logs) * [Graphical display](transformations.html#trangraph) * [with link function](transformations.html#tranlink) * [Log](comparisons.html#logs) * [Overview](transformations.html#overview) * [Percent difference](transformations.html#altscale) * [Re-gridding](transformations.html#regrid) * [Response versus link functions](transformations.html#link-bias) * [`scale()`](transformations.html#stdize) * [Standardizing](transformations.html#stdize) * [Timing is everything](transformations.html#timing) * [Transformations|Implied re-gridding](transformations.html#regrid3) * [Transformations|Special modes](transformations.html#regrid3) * Trends * [Estimating and comparing](interactions.html#oranges) * [`trt.vs.ctrl` contrasts](comparisons.html#contrasts) * [Tukey adjustment](confidence-intervals.html#adjust) * [Ignored or changed](FAQs.html#notukey) * [`type`](confidence-intervals.html#tran) * [`type = "response"`](basics.html#transf) * [`type = "scale"`](transformations.html#trangraph) * [Type II analysis](messy-data.html#type2submodel) * Type III tests * [in *confidence-intervals: joint*](confidence-intervals.html#joint) * [in *confidence-intervals: joint_tests*](confidence-intervals.html#joint_tests) [Back to top](#topnav) ### U {#u} * [Unadjusted tests](confidence-intervals.html#adjmore) * [`update()`](utilities.html#update) * [`tran`](transformations.html#after) * [Using results](utilities.html#data) [Back to top](#topnav) ### V {#v} * [Variables that are not predictors](basics.html#params) * [`vcov.`](messy-data.html#neuralgia) * [`vcovHook`](xtending.html#hooks) * Vignettes * [Comparisons](comparisons.html) * [Confidence intervals and tests](confidence-intervals.html) * [Explanations supplement](xplanations.html) * [Extending **emmeans**](xtending.html) * [FAQS](FAQs.html) * [Interactions](interactions.html) * [Messy data](messy-data.html) * [Predictions](predictions.html) * [Sophisticated models](sophisticated.html) * [Transformations and link functions](transformations.html) * [Utilities and options](utilities.html) [Back to top](#topnav) ### W {#w} * Weighting * [Equal weights](basics.html#exper) * [`weights`](messy-data.html#weights) * [Welch's *t* comparisons](FAQs.html#nowelch) * [Example](utilities.html#relevel) * [`wt.nuis`](messy-data.html#nuisance) [Back to top](#topnav) ### X {#x} * [`xtable` method](basics.html#formatting) [Back to top](#topnav) ### Z {#z} * [*z* tests](sophisticated.html#dfoptions) * [vs. *t* tests](FAQs.html#asymp) * [`zeroinfl` models](models.html#C) [Back to top](#topnav) *Index generated by the [vigindex](https://github.com/rvlenth/vigindex) package.*